What is ecology?
Ecology is a study of how organisms interact with one another and with thier physical environment of matter and energy.
What keeps us and other organisms alive?
Life is sustained by the flow of energy from the sun through the biosphere,the cycling of nutrients within the biosphere,and gravity.
What are the major components of an ecosystem?
Some organisms produce the nutriens they need,others get the nutrients they need by consuming other organisms, and some recycle nurients back to producer by decomposing the wastes and remains of organisms.
What is biodiversity and why is it important?
The biodiversity found in the earth's genes, species,ecosystem processes is vital to sustaining life on the earth.
功能多樣性 for functional diversity ,能量和物質的循環需要生物
生態多樣性 森林.沙漠.草原.海洋.溪流.湖泊及其他生物群落彼此間或與其無生物環境之間交互影響的各種型態
基因多樣性 單一物種內個體 基因組成的變化性
物種多樣性 不同棲地內物種的數目
What happens to energy in an ecosystem?
As energy flows through ecosystems in food chains and webs,the amount of chemical energy available to organisms at each succeeding feeding level decreases.
2008年11月7日 星期五
2-1~2-5
Ch2
1. Describe peer review and reproducibility. Why are they important aspects of science?
2. Give an example of a scientific method. What is a controlled experiment? What is multivariable analysis?
核對實驗：實驗證明某一變數單獨對整個系統可能發生的影響。
3 . Distinguish between inductive reasoning and deductive reasoning, and give an example of each.
歸納inductive reasoning： 由下而上 由小歸納出大的
演譯deductive reasoning： 由上而下 由大面相推出小面相
4. Distinguish between frontier science and sound science
先端科學：尚未被廣泛測試和接受的初步科學資料、假說及模型。
健全科學：為自然或社會科學中特定領域的專家們廣泛接受的科學數據、模型、理論和定律,這些都是可靠的科學結果。
5. What is junk science? List four ways to recognize junk science.
6. Distinguish among a high-throughput (high-waste) economy, a matter-recycling-and-reuse economy, and a low-throughput (low-waste) economy. Use the law of conservation of matter and the first and second laws of thermodynamics to explain the benefits of shifting from a high-throughput economy to a matter-recycling-and-reuse economy and eventually to a low-throughput economy.
高消耗經濟：在多數先進工業化國家中出現的情況,這些國家透過以最大效率使用物質與能源來不斷提高經濟成長,但較少注意污染預防、回收利用、重複使用、減少不必要廢棄物,或其他資源保育的方法。
物質回收再用經濟：注重將可回收資源以最大量回收的經濟體,其目標是在不消耗自然資源、不過度製造污染、不過度減損環境的情況下達到經濟成長。
低產能經濟：以回收、重複使用廢棄物質等與自然合作的方式為基礎的經濟,以減少不必要廢棄物和不必要使用來節約物能與能量,不去減損可再生資源,建造易回收、再使用、修補的東西,不容許族群大小成長到超過環境的承載力,保護生物多樣性與生態完整性。
What is science?
Scientists collect data and develope theories,models,and laws about how nature works.
What is matter?
Matter consists of elements and compounds,which are in turn made up of atoms,ions,or molecules.
How can matter change?
When matter undergoes a physical or chemical change,no atoms are created or destroyed.
What is energy and how can it change its from?
When energy is converted from one from to another in a physical or chemical change,no energy is created or destroyed.
Whenever energy is changed from one to another,we always end up with lower quality or less usable energy than we started with.
How can we use matter and energy more sustainably?
The processes of life must conform to the law of conservation of matter and the tow laws of thermodynamics.
We can live more sustainably by using and wasting less matter and energy,recycling and reusing most matter resourse,and controlling human population growth.
1. Describe peer review and reproducibility. Why are they important aspects of science?
2. Give an example of a scientific method. What is a controlled experiment? What is multivariable analysis?
核對實驗：實驗證明某一變數單獨對整個系統可能發生的影響。
3 . Distinguish between inductive reasoning and deductive reasoning, and give an example of each.
歸納inductive reasoning： 由下而上 由小歸納出大的
演譯deductive reasoning： 由上而下 由大面相推出小面相
4. Distinguish between frontier science and sound science
先端科學：尚未被廣泛測試和接受的初步科學資料、假說及模型。
健全科學：為自然或社會科學中特定領域的專家們廣泛接受的科學數據、模型、理論和定律,這些都是可靠的科學結果。
5. What is junk science? List four ways to recognize junk science.
6. Distinguish among a high-throughput (high-waste) economy, a matter-recycling-and-reuse economy, and a low-throughput (low-waste) economy. Use the law of conservation of matter and the first and second laws of thermodynamics to explain the benefits of shifting from a high-throughput economy to a matter-recycling-and-reuse economy and eventually to a low-throughput economy.
高消耗經濟：在多數先進工業化國家中出現的情況,這些國家透過以最大效率使用物質與能源來不斷提高經濟成長,但較少注意污染預防、回收利用、重複使用、減少不必要廢棄物,或其他資源保育的方法。
物質回收再用經濟：注重將可回收資源以最大量回收的經濟體,其目標是在不消耗自然資源、不過度製造污染、不過度減損環境的情況下達到經濟成長。
低產能經濟：以回收、重複使用廢棄物質等與自然合作的方式為基礎的經濟,以減少不必要廢棄物和不必要使用來節約物能與能量,不去減損可再生資源,建造易回收、再使用、修補的東西,不容許族群大小成長到超過環境的承載力,保護生物多樣性與生態完整性。
What is science?
Scientists collect data and develope theories,models,and laws about how nature works.
What is matter?
Matter consists of elements and compounds,which are in turn made up of atoms,ions,or molecules.
How can matter change?
When matter undergoes a physical or chemical change,no atoms are created or destroyed.
What is energy and how can it change its from?
When energy is converted from one from to another in a physical or chemical change,no energy is created or destroyed.
Whenever energy is changed from one to another,we always end up with lower quality or less usable energy than we started with.
How can we use matter and energy more sustainably?
The processes of life must conform to the law of conservation of matter and the tow laws of thermodynamics.
We can live more sustainably by using and wasting less matter and energy,recycling and reusing most matter resourse,and controlling human population growth.
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