5-2
How dose climate affect the nature and location of biomes?
Differences in average annual precipitation and temperature lead to the formation of tropical , temperate , and cold deserts , grasslands , and forests , and largely determine their locations.
5-3
How have we affect the world's terrestrial ecosystems?
In many areas, human activities impairing ecological and economic services provided by the earth's desert , grasslands , forests , and mountains.
5-4
What are the major types of aquatic systems?
Saltwater and freshwater aquatic life zones cover almost three-fourths of the earth's surface with oceans dominating the planet.
Most aquatic organisms live in the surface , middle , or bottom layers of saltwater and freshwater systems.
5-5
What are the major ocean zones and how have we affected them?
In many areas , human activities are impairing ecological and economic services provided by the earth's saltwater systems , especially coastal wetlands , shorelines , mangrove forests , and coral reefs.
5-6
What are the major types of freshwater systems and how have we affected them?
Human activities are impairing ecological and economic services provided by many rivers and freshwater lakes and wetlands.
2009年1月10日 星期六
3-7~5-1
3-7
How do scientists study ecosystems?
Scientists use field research , laboratory research , and mathematical and other models to learn about ecosystems.
4-1
What is biological evolution and how dose it occur?
The scientific theory of evolution explain how life on earth changes over time through changes in the genes of populations.
Populations evolve when genes mutate and give some individuals genetic traits that enhance their abilities to survive and to produce offspring with these traits (natural selection).
4-2
How do geological and climate changes affect evolution ?
Tectonic plate movements , volcanic eruptions,earthquakes,and climate change have shifted wildlife habitats,wiped out large numbers of species , and created opportunities for the evolution of new species.
4-3
What is an ecological niche?
As a result of bioligical evolution,each species plays a specific ecological role called its niche.
4-4
How do extinction , speciation , and human activities affect biodiversity?
As environmental conditions change , the balance between formation of new species and extinction of existing ones determines the earth's biodiversity.
Human activities can decrease the earth's biodiversity by causing the premature extinction of species and by destroying or degrading habitats needed for the development of new species.
4-5
How might genetic engineering affect evolution?
Genetic engineering enables scientists to thansfer genetic traits between different species_a process that holds great promise and raise difficult issues.
5-1
What factor influence climate?
An area's climate is determined mostly by solar radition,the earth's rotation,global patterns of air and water movements , gases in the atmosphere, and the earth's surface featrues.
How do scientists study ecosystems?
Scientists use field research , laboratory research , and mathematical and other models to learn about ecosystems.
4-1
What is biological evolution and how dose it occur?
The scientific theory of evolution explain how life on earth changes over time through changes in the genes of populations.
Populations evolve when genes mutate and give some individuals genetic traits that enhance their abilities to survive and to produce offspring with these traits (natural selection).
4-2
How do geological and climate changes affect evolution ?
Tectonic plate movements , volcanic eruptions,earthquakes,and climate change have shifted wildlife habitats,wiped out large numbers of species , and created opportunities for the evolution of new species.
4-3
What is an ecological niche?
As a result of bioligical evolution,each species plays a specific ecological role called its niche.
4-4
How do extinction , speciation , and human activities affect biodiversity?
As environmental conditions change , the balance between formation of new species and extinction of existing ones determines the earth's biodiversity.
Human activities can decrease the earth's biodiversity by causing the premature extinction of species and by destroying or degrading habitats needed for the development of new species.
4-5
How might genetic engineering affect evolution?
Genetic engineering enables scientists to thansfer genetic traits between different species_a process that holds great promise and raise difficult issues.
5-1
What factor influence climate?
An area's climate is determined mostly by solar radition,the earth's rotation,global patterns of air and water movements , gases in the atmosphere, and the earth's surface featrues.
2008年11月7日 星期五
3-1~3-5
What is ecology?
Ecology is a study of how organisms interact with one another and with thier physical environment of matter and energy.
What keeps us and other organisms alive?
Life is sustained by the flow of energy from the sun through the biosphere,the cycling of nutrients within the biosphere,and gravity.
What are the major components of an ecosystem?
Some organisms produce the nutriens they need,others get the nutrients they need by consuming other organisms, and some recycle nurients back to producer by decomposing the wastes and remains of organisms.
What is biodiversity and why is it important?
The biodiversity found in the earth's genes, species,ecosystem processes is vital to sustaining life on the earth.
功能多樣性 for functional diversity ,能量和物質的循環需要生物
生態多樣性 森林.沙漠.草原.海洋.溪流.湖泊及其他生物群落彼此間或與其無生物環境之間交互影響的各種型態
基因多樣性 單一物種內個體 基因組成的變化性
物種多樣性 不同棲地內物種的數目
What happens to energy in an ecosystem?
As energy flows through ecosystems in food chains and webs,the amount of chemical energy available to organisms at each succeeding feeding level decreases.
Ecology is a study of how organisms interact with one another and with thier physical environment of matter and energy.
What keeps us and other organisms alive?
Life is sustained by the flow of energy from the sun through the biosphere,the cycling of nutrients within the biosphere,and gravity.
What are the major components of an ecosystem?
Some organisms produce the nutriens they need,others get the nutrients they need by consuming other organisms, and some recycle nurients back to producer by decomposing the wastes and remains of organisms.
What is biodiversity and why is it important?
The biodiversity found in the earth's genes, species,ecosystem processes is vital to sustaining life on the earth.
功能多樣性 for functional diversity ,能量和物質的循環需要生物
生態多樣性 森林.沙漠.草原.海洋.溪流.湖泊及其他生物群落彼此間或與其無生物環境之間交互影響的各種型態
基因多樣性 單一物種內個體 基因組成的變化性
物種多樣性 不同棲地內物種的數目
What happens to energy in an ecosystem?
As energy flows through ecosystems in food chains and webs,the amount of chemical energy available to organisms at each succeeding feeding level decreases.
2-1~2-5
Ch2
1. Describe peer review and reproducibility. Why are they important aspects of science?
2. Give an example of a scientific method. What is a controlled experiment? What is multivariable analysis?
核對實驗：實驗證明某一變數單獨對整個系統可能發生的影響。
3 . Distinguish between inductive reasoning and deductive reasoning, and give an example of each.
歸納inductive reasoning： 由下而上 由小歸納出大的
演譯deductive reasoning： 由上而下 由大面相推出小面相
4. Distinguish between frontier science and sound science
先端科學：尚未被廣泛測試和接受的初步科學資料、假說及模型。
健全科學：為自然或社會科學中特定領域的專家們廣泛接受的科學數據、模型、理論和定律,這些都是可靠的科學結果。
5. What is junk science? List four ways to recognize junk science.
6. Distinguish among a high-throughput (high-waste) economy, a matter-recycling-and-reuse economy, and a low-throughput (low-waste) economy. Use the law of conservation of matter and the first and second laws of thermodynamics to explain the benefits of shifting from a high-throughput economy to a matter-recycling-and-reuse economy and eventually to a low-throughput economy.
高消耗經濟：在多數先進工業化國家中出現的情況,這些國家透過以最大效率使用物質與能源來不斷提高經濟成長,但較少注意污染預防、回收利用、重複使用、減少不必要廢棄物,或其他資源保育的方法。
物質回收再用經濟：注重將可回收資源以最大量回收的經濟體,其目標是在不消耗自然資源、不過度製造污染、不過度減損環境的情況下達到經濟成長。
低產能經濟：以回收、重複使用廢棄物質等與自然合作的方式為基礎的經濟,以減少不必要廢棄物和不必要使用來節約物能與能量,不去減損可再生資源,建造易回收、再使用、修補的東西,不容許族群大小成長到超過環境的承載力,保護生物多樣性與生態完整性。
What is science?
Scientists collect data and develope theories,models,and laws about how nature works.
What is matter?
Matter consists of elements and compounds,which are in turn made up of atoms,ions,or molecules.
How can matter change?
When matter undergoes a physical or chemical change,no atoms are created or destroyed.
What is energy and how can it change its from?
When energy is converted from one from to another in a physical or chemical change,no energy is created or destroyed.
Whenever energy is changed from one to another,we always end up with lower quality or less usable energy than we started with.
How can we use matter and energy more sustainably?
The processes of life must conform to the law of conservation of matter and the tow laws of thermodynamics.
We can live more sustainably by using and wasting less matter and energy,recycling and reusing most matter resourse,and controlling human population growth.
1. Describe peer review and reproducibility. Why are they important aspects of science?
2. Give an example of a scientific method. What is a controlled experiment? What is multivariable analysis?
核對實驗：實驗證明某一變數單獨對整個系統可能發生的影響。
3 . Distinguish between inductive reasoning and deductive reasoning, and give an example of each.
歸納inductive reasoning： 由下而上 由小歸納出大的
演譯deductive reasoning： 由上而下 由大面相推出小面相
4. Distinguish between frontier science and sound science
先端科學：尚未被廣泛測試和接受的初步科學資料、假說及模型。
健全科學：為自然或社會科學中特定領域的專家們廣泛接受的科學數據、模型、理論和定律,這些都是可靠的科學結果。
5. What is junk science? List four ways to recognize junk science.
6. Distinguish among a high-throughput (high-waste) economy, a matter-recycling-and-reuse economy, and a low-throughput (low-waste) economy. Use the law of conservation of matter and the first and second laws of thermodynamics to explain the benefits of shifting from a high-throughput economy to a matter-recycling-and-reuse economy and eventually to a low-throughput economy.
高消耗經濟：在多數先進工業化國家中出現的情況,這些國家透過以最大效率使用物質與能源來不斷提高經濟成長,但較少注意污染預防、回收利用、重複使用、減少不必要廢棄物,或其他資源保育的方法。
物質回收再用經濟：注重將可回收資源以最大量回收的經濟體,其目標是在不消耗自然資源、不過度製造污染、不過度減損環境的情況下達到經濟成長。
低產能經濟：以回收、重複使用廢棄物質等與自然合作的方式為基礎的經濟,以減少不必要廢棄物和不必要使用來節約物能與能量,不去減損可再生資源,建造易回收、再使用、修補的東西,不容許族群大小成長到超過環境的承載力,保護生物多樣性與生態完整性。
What is science?
Scientists collect data and develope theories,models,and laws about how nature works.
What is matter?
Matter consists of elements and compounds,which are in turn made up of atoms,ions,or molecules.
How can matter change?
When matter undergoes a physical or chemical change,no atoms are created or destroyed.
What is energy and how can it change its from?
When energy is converted from one from to another in a physical or chemical change,no energy is created or destroyed.
Whenever energy is changed from one to another,we always end up with lower quality or less usable energy than we started with.
How can we use matter and energy more sustainably?
The processes of life must conform to the law of conservation of matter and the tow laws of thermodynamics.
We can live more sustainably by using and wasting less matter and energy,recycling and reusing most matter resourse,and controlling human population growth.
2008年10月8日 星期三
1-4~1-6
volcanic 火山的
eruption 火山爆發
steel 鋼鐵的
mill 工廠
temporary 暫時的
bandage 繃帶
corresponding 符合的
catalytic 接觸反應的
converter 轉化爐
seepage 滲流
acceptable 可以接受的
We can prevent pollution or clean it up.
poverty 貧窮
eroding 腐蝕的
deteriorating 惡化
refugee 難民
examine 檢查
deplete 用盡
fuel 燃料
security 安全
retirement 退休
prematurely 過早的
protein 蛋白質
affluence 富裕
education 教育
impact 衝擊
assumption 假定
footprint 足跡
depletion 消耗
timber 木材
degradation 下降
voluntarily 自願地
corporation 法人
conservation 保存
ethics 道德學
obligation 義務
inherit 繼承
protection 保護
Affluence has harmful and benefition environmental effects.
reliance 依賴
What are four scientific principles of sustainability?
1.reliance on solar energy
2.biodiversity
3.population control
4.nutrient cycling
eruption 火山爆發
steel 鋼鐵的
mill 工廠
temporary 暫時的
bandage 繃帶
corresponding 符合的
catalytic 接觸反應的
converter 轉化爐
seepage 滲流
acceptable 可以接受的
We can prevent pollution or clean it up.
poverty 貧窮
eroding 腐蝕的
deteriorating 惡化
refugee 難民
examine 檢查
deplete 用盡
fuel 燃料
security 安全
retirement 退休
prematurely 過早的
protein 蛋白質
affluence 富裕
education 教育
impact 衝擊
assumption 假定
footprint 足跡
depletion 消耗
timber 木材
degradation 下降
voluntarily 自願地
corporation 法人
conservation 保存
ethics 道德學
obligation 義務
inherit 繼承
protection 保護
Affluence has harmful and benefition environmental effects.
reliance 依賴
What are four scientific principles of sustainability?
1.reliance on solar energy
2.biodiversity
3.population control
4.nutrient cycling
2008年9月21日 星期日
1-1~1-3
sustainability 持續性;能維持性;永續性
illustrate 插圖於(書籍等),圖解
exponential 指數的
consumption 消耗量;消費量
irreversible 不可逆的;不能翻轉的;不能取消的;不能倒置的
disrupt 使分裂,使瓦解
interdisciplinary 各學科間的
integrate 使完整,使完善
demography 人口統計學
ethics 倫理學,道德學
ecology 生態,環境
ecosystem 生態系統
environmentalism 環境保護論;環境論
capital 首位的;重要的,基本的
renewable 可更新的;可恢復的;可繼續的
purification 洗淨,淨化
nutrient 營養物
photosynthesis 光合作用
component 構成要素
individual 個人的
innovative 創新的
political 政治的;政治上的
accumulate 累積,積聚;積攢
domestic 國家的;國內的
currency 通用,流通;流傳,傳播
purchase 購買
parity 同等;類似;相同
primarily 首先;起初,原來
industrialisation 工業化
desperate 情急拼命的,鋌而走險的
cropland 農田
dysfunctional 不正常的
violence 激烈,猛烈
stimulate 刺激;激勵;使興奮;促使
conservation 保護 管理
fertile 肥沃的,富饒的,豐產的
petroleum 石油
cultivate 栽培 耕種
perpetual 永久的
degradation 下降
exhaustible 可被用盡的
metallic 金屬的
mineral 礦物
ingenuity 精巧
affordable負擔得起的
copper 銅製品
aluminum 鋁
Nature capital-the natural resources and natural services provided by nature that keep us and other species alive and support our economies .
Natural resource are materials and energy in nature that are essential or useful to humans.
illustrate 插圖於(書籍等),圖解
exponential 指數的
consumption 消耗量;消費量
irreversible 不可逆的;不能翻轉的;不能取消的;不能倒置的
disrupt 使分裂,使瓦解
interdisciplinary 各學科間的
integrate 使完整,使完善
demography 人口統計學
ethics 倫理學,道德學
ecology 生態,環境
ecosystem 生態系統
environmentalism 環境保護論;環境論
capital 首位的;重要的,基本的
renewable 可更新的;可恢復的;可繼續的
purification 洗淨,淨化
nutrient 營養物
photosynthesis 光合作用
component 構成要素
individual 個人的
innovative 創新的
political 政治的;政治上的
accumulate 累積,積聚;積攢
domestic 國家的;國內的
currency 通用,流通;流傳,傳播
purchase 購買
parity 同等;類似;相同
primarily 首先;起初,原來
industrialisation 工業化
desperate 情急拼命的,鋌而走險的
cropland 農田
dysfunctional 不正常的
violence 激烈,猛烈
stimulate 刺激;激勵;使興奮;促使
conservation 保護 管理
fertile 肥沃的,富饒的,豐產的
petroleum 石油
cultivate 栽培 耕種
perpetual 永久的
degradation 下降
exhaustible 可被用盡的
metallic 金屬的
mineral 礦物
ingenuity 精巧
affordable負擔得起的
copper 銅製品
aluminum 鋁
Nature capital-the natural resources and natural services provided by nature that keep us and other species alive and support our economies .
Natural resource are materials and energy in nature that are essential or useful to humans.
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